The Neanderthal braincase averages 1,640 cc for males and 1,460 cc for females, within the possible range of modern humans, which is, on average, 1,270 cm3 (78 cu in) for males and 1,130 cm3 (69 cu in) for females in present-day. For 28 modern human specimens from 190 to 25 thousand years ago, the average was about 1,478 cm3 (90.2 cu in) disregarding sex, and modern human brain size is suggested to have decreased since the Upper Palaeolithic. The largest Neanderthal brain, Amud 1, was calculated to be 1,736 cm3 (105.9 cu in), one of the largest ever recorded in hominids. Both Neanderthal and human infants measure about 400 cm3 (24 cu in). Remains of Middle Palaeolithic stone tools on Greek islands indicate early seafaring by Neanderthals in the Ionian Sea possibly starting as far back as 200–150 thousand years ago. The oldest stone artefacts from Crete date to 130–107 thousand years ago, Cephalonia 125 thousand years ago, … Continue reading How advanced were the Neanderthals?