{"id":10178,"date":"2021-06-20T05:16:27","date_gmt":"2021-06-20T05:16:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/?p=10178"},"modified":"2021-06-20T05:46:05","modified_gmt":"2021-06-20T05:46:05","slug":"who-were-the-phoenicians","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/who-were-the-phoenicians\/","title":{"rendered":"Who were the Phoenicians?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Who were the Phoenicians?\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2592\" height=\"3872\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Eshmunazar_II_sarcophagus.jpg?fit=640%2C957&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Eshmunazar_II_sarcophagus.jpg?w=2592&amp;ssl=1 2592w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Eshmunazar_II_sarcophagus.jpg?resize=201%2C300&amp;ssl=1 201w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Eshmunazar_II_sarcophagus.jpg?resize=768%2C1147&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Eshmunazar_II_sarcophagus.jpg?resize=685%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 685w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Eshmunazar_II_sarcophagus.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Eshmunazar_II_sarcophagus.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p> Phoenicia was an ancient Semitic-speaking thalassocratic civilization that originated in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"445\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/800px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg?resize=640%2C445&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10183\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/800px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/800px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg?resize=300%2C209&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/800px-Assyrian_-_Fragments_of_Bands_from_a_Gate_-_Walters_542335_-_View_A.jpg?resize=768%2C534&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption> Two bronze fragments from an Assyrian palace gate depicting the collection of tribute from the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon (859\u2013824 BC). British Museum.<br><br> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The Phoenicians came to prominence following&nbsp;the collapse&nbsp;of most major cultures during the&nbsp;Late Bronze Age.&nbsp;They developed an expansive maritime trade network that lasted over a millennium, becoming the dominant commercial power for much of classical antiquity. Phoenician trade also helped facilitate the exchange of cultures, ideas, and knowledge between major&nbsp;cradles of civilization&nbsp;such as Greece, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. After its zenith in the 9th century BC, Phoenician civilization in the eastern Mediterranean slowly declined in the face of foreign influence and conquest, though its presence would remain in the central and western Mediterranean until the second century BC.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/375px-Phoenician_Language.png?resize=375%2C225&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/375px-Phoenician_Language.png?w=375&amp;ssl=1 375w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/375px-Phoenician_Language.png?resize=300%2C180&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><figcaption> Map of Phoenicia and colonies prior to Roman conquest<br><br><br> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"uT6YehZZrB\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/rh-negative-tribes-past-present-and-future\/\">Rh Negative Tribes: Past, Present and Future<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Rh Negative Tribes: Past, Present and Future&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/rh-negative-tribes-past-present-and-future\/embed\/#?secret=sLfBEk6FZX#?secret=uT6YehZZrB\" data-secret=\"uT6YehZZrB\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>See the post for comment.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>See my reply to Lesley&#8217;s comment:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Rh Negative Tribes: Past, Present and Future\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/R1_I-a14tCI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Since little has survived of Phoenician records or literature, most of what is known about their origins and history comes from the accounts of other civilizations and inferences from their material culture excavated throughout the Mediterranean.<br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/870px-Phoenician_trade_routes_eng.svg_.png?resize=640%2C288&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/870px-Phoenician_trade_routes_eng.svg_.png?w=870&amp;ssl=1 870w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/870px-Phoenician_trade_routes_eng.svg_.png?resize=300%2C135&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/870px-Phoenician_trade_routes_eng.svg_.png?resize=768%2C345&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption> Major Phoenician trade networks (c. 1200\u2013800 BC)<br><br> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A 2008 study led by&nbsp;Pierre Zalloua&nbsp;found that six subclades of&nbsp;Haplogroup J-M172&nbsp;(J2)\u2014thought to have originated between the&nbsp;Caucasus Mountains,&nbsp;Mesopotamia&nbsp;and the&nbsp;Levant\u2014were of a &#8220;Phoenician signature&#8221; and present amongst the male populations of the &#8220;coastal Lebanese Phoenician Heartland&#8221; and wider Levant (the &#8220;Phoenician Periphery&#8221;), followed by other areas of historic Phoenician settlement, spanning Cyprus through to Morocco. This deliberate sequential sampling was an attempt to develop a methodology to link the documented historical expansion of a population with a particular geographic genetic pattern or patterns. The researchers suggested that the proposed genetic signature stemmed from &#8220;a common source of related lineages rooted in&nbsp;Lebanon&#8221;.&nbsp;Another study in 2006 found evidence for the genetic persistence of Phoenicians in the Spanish island of&nbsp;Ibiza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2016, the skeleton of 2,500 year old Carthaginian man was excavated from a Punic tomb in Tunisia, and was found bearing the rare&nbsp;U5b2c1&nbsp;maternal haplogroup. The lineage of this &#8220;Young Man of Byrsa&#8221; is believed to represent early gene flow from&nbsp;Iberia&nbsp;to the&nbsp;Maghreb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to a 2017 study published by the&nbsp;American Journal of Human Genetics, present-day Lebanese derive most of their ancestry from a&nbsp;Canaanite-related population (Canaanite being a pre-Phoenician name), which therefore implies substantial genetic continuity in the Levant since at least the&nbsp;Bronze Age. More specifically, according to geneticist Chris Tyler-Smith and his team at the&nbsp;Sanger Institute&nbsp;in Britain, who compared &#8220;sampled ancient DNA from five&nbsp;Canaanite people&nbsp;who lived 3,750 and 3,650 years ago&#8221; to modern people, revealed that 93 percent of the genetic ancestry of people in Lebanon came from the&nbsp;Canaanites&nbsp;(the other 7 percent was of a&nbsp;Eurasian steppe&nbsp;population).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a 2020 study published in the&nbsp;American Journal of Human Genetics, researchers have shown that there is substantial genetic continuity in Lebanon since the&nbsp;Bronze Age&nbsp;interrupted by three significant admixture events during the&nbsp;Iron Age,&nbsp;Hellenistic, and&nbsp;Ottoman&nbsp;period, each contributing 3%\u201311% of non-local ancestry to the admixed population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Couvercle_sarcophage_sa%C3%AFda_Sidon_Liban_Louvre_AO5012.jpg?resize=640%2C525&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Couvercle_sarcophage_sa%C3%AFda_Sidon_Liban_Louvre_AO5012.jpg?resize=1024%2C840&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Couvercle_sarcophage_sa%C3%AFda_Sidon_Liban_Louvre_AO5012.jpg?resize=300%2C246&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Couvercle_sarcophage_sa%C3%AFda_Sidon_Liban_Louvre_AO5012.jpg?resize=768%2C630&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Couvercle_sarcophage_sa%C3%AFda_Sidon_Liban_Louvre_AO5012.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Couvercle_sarcophage_sa%C3%AFda_Sidon_Liban_Louvre_AO5012.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption>Women in Phoenicia took part in public events and religious processions, with depictions of banquets showing them casually sitting or reclining with men, dancing, and playing music. In most contexts, however, women were expected to dress and behave more modestly than men; female figures are almost always portrayed as draped from head to feet, with the arms sometimes covered as well.\n\n<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Who were the Phoenicians?\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Who were the Phoenicians?\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>Phoenicia was an ancient Semitic-speaking thalassocratic civilization that originated in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. The Phoenicians came to prominence following&nbsp;the collapse&nbsp;of most major cultures during the&nbsp;Late Bronze Age.&nbsp;They developed an expansive maritime trade network that lasted over a millennium, becoming the dominant commercial power for much of classical antiquity. Phoenician trade also helped facilitate the exchange of cultures, ideas, and knowledge between major&nbsp;cradles of civilization&nbsp;such as Greece, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. After its zenith in the 9th century BC, Phoenician civilization in the eastern Mediterranean slowly declined in the face of foreign influence and conquest, though its presence would remain in the central and western Mediterranean until the second century BC. See my <div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Who were the Phoenicians?\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10186,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"amp_status":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10178","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-facts"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Couvercle_sarcophage_sa%C3%AFda_Sidon_Liban_Louvre_AO5012.jpg?fit=3616%2C2968&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5DV68-2Ea","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10178"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10178\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10195,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10178\/revisions\/10195"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10186"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10178"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10178"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}