{"id":11310,"date":"2022-01-16T16:42:23","date_gmt":"2022-01-16T16:42:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/?p=11310"},"modified":"2022-01-16T16:42:28","modified_gmt":"2022-01-16T16:42:28","slug":"red-haired-rh-negative-tribes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/red-haired-rh-negative-tribes\/","title":{"rendered":"Red-Haired Rh Negative Tribes"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Red-Haired Rh Negative Tribes\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Are people with red hair more likely to have the rhesus negative blood factor?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UHFxem7l378?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Red hair is the rarest natural hair color in humans. The non-tanning skin associated with red hair may have been advantageous in far-northern climates where sunlight is scarce. Studies by\u00a0Bodmer\u00a0and\u00a0Cavalli-Sforza\u00a0(1976) hypothesized that lighter skin pigmentation prevents\u00a0rickets\u00a0in colder climates by encouraging higher levels of\u00a0vitamin D\u00a0production and also allows the individual to retain heat better than someone with darker skin.\u00a0In 2000, Harding\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>\u00a0concluded that red hair is not the result of positive selection but of a lack of negative selection. In Africa, for example, red hair is selected against because high levels of sun harm pale skin. However, in Northern Europe this does not happen, so redheads can become more common through\u00a0genetic drift.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Rh Negative History Revisited\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1zf1GzfUd-w?start=1&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Estimates on the original occurrence of the currently active gene for red hair vary from 20,000 to 100,000 years ago.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p> The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) regulates pigmentation in humans and other vertebrates. Variants of MC1R with reduced function are associated with pale skin color and red hair in humans of primarily European origin. We amplified and sequenced a fragment of the MC1R gene (mc1r) from two Neanderthal remains. Both specimens have a mutation that was not found in approximately 3700 modern humans analyzed. Functional analyses show that this variant reduces MC1R activity to a level that alters hair and\/or skin pigmentation in humans. The impaired activity of this variant suggests that Neanderthals varied in pigmentation levels, potentially on the scale observed in modern humans. Our data suggest that inactive MC1R variants evolved independently in both modern humans and Neanderthals.<br><br> <\/p><cite>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17962522\/<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>A DNA study has concluded that some\u00a0Neanderthals\u00a0also had red hair, although the mutation responsible for this differs from that which causes red hair in modern humans.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"3nHDeZCUNg\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/does-red-hair-come-from-neanderthals\/\">Does red hair come from Neanderthals?<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Does red hair come from Neanderthals?&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/does-red-hair-come-from-neanderthals\/embed\/#?secret=zrmow79wdZ#?secret=3nHDeZCUNg\" data-secret=\"3nHDeZCUNg\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0As the population in northern Turkey expanded, they and other newcomers from the Sahara migrated to the east coast of the Black Sea and populated the area today called Georgia. Almost the entire north coast of the Black Sea was under control of the blond tribe. Only the west coast, on both sides of the mouth of the Danube, was under the control of the redheaded Celts, but they were landlubbers, having never lived in contact with the sea. They had been the southern neighbs of the blond tribe in the Sahara and had been ferried by the Shardana to the mouth of the Danube river, the valley of which they occupied in time, and then took possession of the Alps. The blond-headed sailors controlled the entire Black sea, much to the annoyance of the later Hittites.<br><br> <\/p><cite>http:\/\/www.faculty.ucr.edu\/~legneref\/bronze\/seapeopl.htm#rhnegativepopulation<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Two studies have demonstrated that people with red hair have different sensitivity to pain to people with other hair colors. One study found that people with red hair are more sensitive to thermal pain (associated with naturally occurring low\u00a0vitamin K\u00a0levels),\u00a0while another study concluded that redheads are less sensitive to pain from multiple modalities, including\u00a0noxious stimuli\u00a0such as electrically induced pain.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"BmReFQiw8t\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/12-similarities-between-rhd-negative-individuals-and-people-with-red-hair\/\">12 Similarities between Rh(D) negative individuals and people with red hair<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;12 Similarities between Rh(D) negative individuals and people with red hair&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/12-similarities-between-rhd-negative-individuals-and-people-with-red-hair\/embed\/#?secret=eFDFkdHsDs#?secret=BmReFQiw8t\" data-secret=\"BmReFQiw8t\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption> Researchers have found that people with red hair require greater amounts of\u00a0anesthetic.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_hair#cite_note-60\">[<\/a><\/sup>Other research publications have concluded that women with naturally red hair require less of the painkiller\u00a0pentazocine\u00a0than do either women of other hair colors or men of any hair color. A study showed women with red hair had a greater\u00a0analgesic\u00a0response to that particular pain medication than men.<sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_hair#cite_note-61\">[<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0A follow-up study by the same group showed that men and women with red hair had a greater analgesic response to\u00a0morphine-6-glucuronide.However, a later study of 468 healthy adult patients found no significant difference in recovery times, pain scores or quality of recovery in those with red compared with dark hair in either men or women.<br><br> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The unexpected relationship of hair color to pain tolerance appears to exist because redheads have a mutation in a hormone receptor that can apparently respond to at least two types of hormones: the pigmentation-driving\u00a0melanocyte-stimulating hormone\u00a0(MSH), and the pain-relieving\u00a0endorphins. (Both derive from the same precursor molecule,\u00a0POMC, and are structurally similar.) Specifically, redheads have a mutated\u00a0melanocortin-1 receptor\u00a0(MC1R) gene that produces an altered receptor for MSH.\u00a0Melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment in skin and hair, use the MC1R to recognize and respond to MSH from the\u00a0anterior pituitary\u00a0gland. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone normally stimulates melanocytes to make black\u00a0eumelanin, but if the melanocytes have a mutated receptor, they will make reddish\u00a0pheomelanin\u00a0instead. MC1R also occurs in the brain, where it is one of a large set of POMC-related receptors that are apparently involved not only in responding to MSH, but also in responses to\u00a0endorphins\u00a0and possibly other POMC-derived hormones. Though the details are not clearly understood, it appears that there is some\u00a0crosstalk\u00a0between the POMC hormones; this may explain the link between red hair and pain tolerance.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"RXnqu4ml4m\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/what-type-of-red-is-your-hair\/\">What type of red is your hair?<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;What type of red is your hair?&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/what-type-of-red-is-your-hair\/embed\/#?secret=77kt3B03lm#?secret=RXnqu4ml4m\" data-secret=\"RXnqu4ml4m\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>There is little or no evidence to support the belief that people with red hair have a higher chance than people with other hair colors to\u00a0hemorrhage\u00a0or suffer other bleeding complications.\u00a0One study, however, reports a link between red hair and a higher rate of\u00a0bruising.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p> There is an anecdotal impression that redheads experience more perioperative bleeding complications than do people with other hair colors. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that perceived problems with hemostasis could be detected with commonly used coagulation tests. We studied healthy female Caucasian volunteers, 18 to 40 yr of age, comparable in terms of height, weight, and age, with natural bright red (n = 25) or black or dark brown (n = 26) hair. Volunteers were questioned about their bleeding history and the following tests were performed: complete blood count, prothrombin time\/international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet function analysis, and platelet aggregation using standard turbidimetric methodology. Agonists for aggregation were adenosine diphosphate, arachidonic acid, collagen, epinephrine, and two concentrations of ristocetin. The red-haired volunteers reported significantly more bruising, but there were no significant differences between the red-haired and dark-haired groups in hemoglobin concentration, platelet numbers, prothrombin time\/international normalized ratio, or activated partial thromboplastin time. Furthermore, no significant differences in platelet function, as measured by platelet function analysis or platelet aggregometry, were observed. We conclude that if redheads have hemostasis abnormalities, they are subtle.<br><br> <\/p><cite>https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16368849\/<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Medieval beliefs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Red hair was thought to be a mark of a beastly sexual desire and moral degeneration. A savage red-haired man is portrayed in the fable by\u00a0Grimm brothers\u00a0(<em>Der Eisenhans<\/em>) as the spirit of the forest of iron.\u00a0Theophilus Presbyter\u00a0describes how the blood of a red-haired young man is necessary to create\u00a0gold\u00a0from\u00a0copper, in a mixture with the ashes of a\u00a0basilisk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Montague Summers, in his translation of the\u00a0Malleus Maleficarum,\u00a0notes that red hair and green eyes were thought to be the sign of a\u00a0witch, a\u00a0werewolf\u00a0or a\u00a0vampire\u00a0during the Middle Ages;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Those whose hair is red, of a certain peculiar shade, are unmistakably vampires. It is significant that in ancient Egypt, as Manetho tells us, human sacrifices were offered at the grave of Osiris, and the victims were red-haired men who were burned, their ashes being scattered far and wide by winnowing-fans. It is held by some authorities that this was done to fertilize the fields and produce a bounteous harvest, red-hair symbolizing the golden wealth of the corn. But these men were called Typhonians, and were representatives not of Osiris but of his evil rival\u00a0Typhon, whose hair was red.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>During the\u00a0Spanish Inquisition, people of red hair were identified as Jewish and isolated for persecution.\u00a0In Medieval Italy and Spain, red hair was associated with the heretical nature of Jews and their rejection of\u00a0Jesus, and thus\u00a0Judas Iscariot\u00a0was commonly depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish art.\u00a0Writers from Shakespeare to Dickens would identify Jewish characters by giving them red hair, such as the villainous Jewish characters\u00a0Shylock\u00a0and\u00a0Fagin.\u00a0The antisemitic association persisted into modern times in Soviet Russia.\u00a0The medieval prejudice against red-hair may have derived from the Ancient biblical tradition, in relation to biblical figures such as\u00a0Esau\u00a0and\u00a0King David. The Ancient historian\u00a0Josephus\u00a0would mistranslate the Hebrew Torah to describe the more positive figure of\u00a0King David\u00a0as &#8216;golden haired&#8217;, in contrast to the negative figure of\u00a0Esau, even though the original Hebrew Torah implies that both King David and Esau had &#8216;fiery red hair&#8217;.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"GHAPY6fcQw\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/red-hair-celtic\/\">Is red hair Celtic?<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Is red hair Celtic?&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/red-hair-celtic\/embed\/#?secret=rbeRAUbdZv#?secret=GHAPY6fcQw\" data-secret=\"GHAPY6fcQw\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Present tribes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"gXyuNuPHOX\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/rh-negative-tribes-past-present-and-future\/\">Rh Negative Tribes: Past, Present and Future<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Rh Negative Tribes: Past, Present and Future&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/rh-negative-tribes-past-present-and-future\/embed\/#?secret=qdFf5ZyFVB#?secret=gXyuNuPHOX\" data-secret=\"gXyuNuPHOX\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Red hair is most commonly found at the\u00a0northern\u00a0and\u00a0western fringes\u00a0of Europe;\u00a0it is centered around populations in the\u00a0British Isles\u00a0and is particularly associated with the\u00a0Celtic nations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ireland has the highest number of red-haired people per capita in the world with the percentage of those with red hair at around 10%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Great Britain\u00a0also has a high percentage of people with red hair. In Scotland around 6% of the population has red hair; with the highest concentration of red head carriers in the world found in\u00a0Edinburgh, making it the red head capital of the world.\u00a0In 1907, the largest ever study of hair colour in Scotland, which analysed over 500,000 people, found the percentage of Scots with red hair to be 5.3%.\u00a0A 1956 study of hair colour among\u00a0British Army\u00a0recruits also found high levels of red hair in\u00a0Wales\u00a0and in the\u00a0Scottish border counties of England.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Italy, red hair is found at a frequency of 0.57% of the total population, without variation in frequency across the different regions of the country.In Sardinia, red hair is found at a frequency of 0.24% of the population.Victorian era\u00a0ethnographers\u00a0considered the\u00a0Udmurt people\u00a0of the\u00a0Volga Region\u00a0in Russia to be &#8220;the most red-headed men in the world&#8221;.\u00a0The Volga region still has one of the highest percentages of redheaded people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Red hair is also found amongst the\u00a0Ashkenazi\u00a0Jewish populations.\u00a0In 1903, 5.6% of Polish Jews had red hair.\u00a0Other studies have found that 3.69% of Jewish women overall were found to have red hair, but around 10.9% of all Jewish men have red\u00a0beards.\u00a0In European culture, before the 20th century, red hair was often seen as a stereotypically Jewish trait: during the\u00a0Spanish Inquisition, all those with red hair were identified as Jewish.\u00a0In Italy, red hair was associated with Italian Jews, and\u00a0Judas\u00a0was traditionally depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish art.\u00a0The\u00a0stereotype\u00a0that red hair is Jewish remains in parts of Eastern Europe and Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\u00a0Berber\u00a0populations of\u00a0Morocco\u00a0and northern\u00a0Algeria\u00a0have occasional redheads. Red hair frequency is especially significant among the\u00a0Riffians\u00a0from Morocco and\u00a0Kabyles\u00a0from Algeria,\u00a0respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Past tribes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"02mHj6GnJ5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/the-legendary-amazon-women-did-exist\/\">The legendary Amazon women did exist<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;The legendary Amazon women did exist&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/the-legendary-amazon-women-did-exist\/embed\/#?secret=n5XMsiasRr#?secret=02mHj6GnJ5\" data-secret=\"02mHj6GnJ5\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Several accounts by Greek writers mention redheaded people. A fragment by the poet\u00a0Xenophanes\u00a0describes the\u00a0Thracians\u00a0as blue-eyed and red-haired.\u00a0The ancient peoples\u00a0Budini\u00a0and\u00a0Sarmatians\u00a0are also reported by Greek author to be blue-eyed and red-haired, and the latter even owe their names to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>Budini<\/strong>\u00a0(Ancient Greek:\u00a0<strong>\u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/strong>;\u00a0<em>Boud\u00ednoi<\/em>) was a group of people (a tribe) described by\u00a0Herodotus\u00a0and several later classical authors. Described as nomads living near settled\u00a0Gelonians, Herodotus located them east of the Tanais river (which is usually assumed to correspond with modern\u00a0Don River) beyond the\u00a0Sarmatians.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p> The Budini are a great and populous nation; the eyes of them all are very bright, and they are ruddy. They have a city built of wood, called Gelonus. The wall of it is three and three quarters miles in length on each side of the city; this wall is high and all of wood; and their houses are wooden, and their temples; for there are temples of Greek gods among them, furnished in Greek style with images and altars and shrines of wood; and they honor Dionysus every two years with festivals and revelry. For the Geloni are by their origin Greeks, who left their trading ports to settle among the Budini; and they speak a language half Greek and half Scythian. But the Budini do not speak the same language as the Geloni, nor is their manner of life the same. The Budini are indigenous; they are nomads, and the only people in these parts that eat fir-cones; the Geloni are farmers, eating grain and cultivating gardens; they are altogether unlike the Budini in form and in coloring. Yet the Greeks call the Budini too Geloni; but this is wrong. Their whole country is thickly wooded with every kind of tree; in the depth of the forest there is a great, wide lake and a marsh surrounded by reeds; otter is trapped in it, and beaver, besides certain square-faced creatures whose skins are used to trim mantles, and their testicles are used by the people to heal sicknesses of the womb.<br><br> <\/p><cite> Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1920.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1337\" height=\"2005\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg?fit=640%2C960&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg?w=1337&amp;ssl=1 1337w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg?resize=768%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg?resize=683%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 683w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption> Originally Ramesses II was buried in the tomb\u00a0KV7\u00a0in the\u00a0Valley of the Kings, but because of looting, priests later transferred the body to a holding- area, re-wrapped it, and placed it inside the tomb of queen\u00a0Ahmose Inhapy.\u00a0Seventy-two hours later it was again moved, to the\u00a0tomb\u00a0of the high priest\u00a0Pinedjem II. All of this is recorded in hieroglyphics on the linen covering the body of the coffin of Ramesses II.\u00a0His mummy was eventually discovered in\u00a0TT320\u00a0inside an ordinary wooden coffin\u00a0and is now in\u00a0Cairo&#8217;s\u00a0National Museum of Egyptian Civilization\u00a0(until 3 April 2021 it was in the\u00a0Egyptian Museum).<br>The pharaoh&#8217;s mummy reveals an\u00a0aquiline nose\u00a0and strong jaw. It stands at about 1.7 metres (5\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in).\u00a0Gaston Maspero, who first unwrapped the mummy of Ramesses II, writes, &#8220;on the temples there are a few sparse hairs, but at the poll the hair is quite thick, forming smooth, straight locks about five centimeters in length. White at the time of death, and possibly auburn during life, they have been dyed a light red by the spices (henna) used in embalming&#8230;the moustache and beard are thin&#8230;The hairs are white, like those of the head and eyebrows&#8230;the skin is of earthy brown, splotched with black&#8230; the face of the mummy gives a fair idea of the face of the living king.&#8221;<br>In 1975,\u00a0Maurice Bucaille, a French doctor, examined the mummy at the\u00a0Cairo Museum\u00a0and found it in poor condition. French President\u00a0Val\u00e9ry Giscard d&#8217;Estaing\u00a0succeeded in convincing Egyptian authorities to send the mummy to France for treatment. In September 1976, it was greeted at\u00a0Paris\u2013Le Bourget Airport\u00a0with full military honours befitting a king, then taken to a laboratory at the\u00a0Mus\u00e9e de l&#8217;Homme.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mummy_of_Ramesses_II_-_02.JPG\"><\/a>The mummy of Ramesses the Great<br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p> The mummy was forensically tested by Professor Pierre-Fernand Ceccaldi, the chief forensic scientist at the Criminal Identification Laboratory of Paris. Professor Ceccaldi determined that: &#8220;Hair, astonishingly preserved, showed some complementary data \u2014 especially about pigmentation: Ramesses II was a\u00a0ginger haired\u00a0&#8216;cymnotricheleucoderma&#8217;.&#8221; The description given here refers to a fair-skinned person with wavy ginger hair.\u00a0Subsequent microscopic inspection of the roots of Ramesses II&#8217;s hair proved that the king&#8217;s hair originally was red, which suggests that he came from a family of redheads.\u00a0This  has more than just cosmetic significance: in ancient Egypt people with red hair were associated with the deity\u00a0Set, the slayer of\u00a0Osiris, and the name of Ramesses II&#8217;s father, Seti I, means &#8220;follower of Seth&#8221;. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Asia, red hair has been found among the ancient\u00a0Tocharians, who occupied the\u00a0Tarim Basin\u00a0in what is now the northwesternmost province of China.\u00a0Tarim mummies\u00a0have been found with red hair dating to the\u00a02nd millennium BC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reddish-brown (auburn) hair is also found amongst some\u00a0Polynesians, and is especially common in some tribes and family groups. In Polynesian culture reddish hair has traditionally been seen as a sign of descent from high-ranking ancestors and a mark of rulership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Lucan in his Pharsalia (c. 61 AD) described Ligurian tribes as being long-haired, and their hair a shade of auburn (a reddish-brown):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"2FTEmDLcMX\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/ancient-tribes-the-ligures\/\">Ancient Tribes: The Ligures<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Ancient Tribes: The Ligures&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/ancient-tribes-the-ligures\/embed\/#?secret=R6ab8pQ2q2#?secret=2FTEmDLcMX\" data-secret=\"2FTEmDLcMX\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>&#8221; \u2026Ligurian tribes, now shorn, in ancient days<br>First of the long-haired nations, on whose necks<br><br>Once flowed the auburn locks in pride supreme. &#8220;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p> The Gebelein predynastic mummies are six naturally mummified bodies, dating to approximately 3400 BC from the Late Predynastic period of Ancient Egypt. They were the first complete predynastic bodies to be discovered.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since 1901, the first body excavated (EA 32751) has remained on display in the British Museum. This body was originally nicknamed Ginger due to his red hair; this nickname is no longer officially used as part of recent ethical policies for human remains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>To be continued&#8230;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(subscribe to the blog to get informed when Part 2 gets published)<br><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Red-Haired Rh Negative Tribes\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Red-Haired Rh Negative Tribes\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>Red hair is the rarest natural hair color in humans. The non-tanning skin associated with red hair may have been advantageous in far-northern climates where sunlight is scarce. Studies by\u00a0Bodmer\u00a0and\u00a0Cavalli-Sforza\u00a0(1976) hypothesized that lighter skin pigmentation prevents\u00a0rickets\u00a0in colder climates by encouraging higher levels of\u00a0vitamin D\u00a0production and also allows the individual to retain heat better than someone with darker skin.\u00a0In 2000, Harding\u00a0et al.\u00a0concluded that red hair is not the result of positive selection but of a lack of negative selection. In Africa, for example, red hair is selected against because high levels of sun harm pale skin. However, in Northern Europe this does not happen, so redheads can become more common through\u00a0genetic drift. Estimates on the original occurrence of the currently active <div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Red-Haired Rh Negative Tribes\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11317,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"amp_status":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-facts"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Redhead_close_up.jpg?fit=1704%2C2272&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5DV68-2Wq","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11310","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11310"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11310\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11337,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11310\/revisions\/11337"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11310"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}