{"id":6062,"date":"2020-01-05T12:25:03","date_gmt":"2020-01-05T12:25:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/?p=6062"},"modified":"2020-01-05T12:27:21","modified_gmt":"2020-01-05T12:27:21","slug":"its-a-natural-fact-theres-still-no-substitute-for-human-blood","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/its-a-natural-fact-theres-still-no-substitute-for-human-blood\/","title":{"rendered":"It\u2019s a natural fact: There\u2019s still no substitute for human blood"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"It\u2019s a natural fact: There\u2019s still no substitute for human blood\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/rh-negative-blood.jpg?resize=500%2C334&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6063\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/rh-negative-blood.jpg?w=500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/rh-negative-blood.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption> Credit: Wake Forest Baptist Health Photography<br>Emmanuel Fadeyi, M.D., director of the blood bank at Wake Forest Medical Center, consulting with medical technician Linda Angermeier. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. \u2013 Dec. 19, 2019 \u2013 Science has been able to create and employ a number of medical marvels, such as the artificial heart and synthetic insulin. But not a substitute for human blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThere have been many attempts to make artificial blood, and many people are still trying, but so far nothing has worked quite exactly like human blood,\u201d said Emmanuel Fadeyi, M.D., director of the blood bank at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, the only source of human blood remains human donors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The need for blood is great. The American Red Cross estimates that 4.5 million people in the United States have blood transfusions annually, receiving an average of more than 40,000 pints of blood components a day. That blood is donated by approximately 6.8 million Americans each year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But while the donation and transfusion of blood are very common, and relatively simple as far as medical procedures go, the path from donor to recipient is more complex than most people may realize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI think of it as a liquid transplant,\u201d Fadeyi said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All human blood has the same components \u2013 red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs so it can be exhaled; white blood cells, which fight infection; platelets, which help blood to clot in the event of injury; and plasma, the fluid in which the other components float. But all blood is not exactly the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The differences lie in the presence or absence of genetic markers called antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which allow the body to identify blood cells as its own, and antibodies in the plasma, which fight cells with different antigens. The particular combination of antigens and antibodies in a person\u2019s blood is what determines their blood type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are 36 different blood groups, but the two most important are ABO and Rh. The ABO group includes four types \u2013 A (A antigen), B (B antigen), AB (both antigens) and O (neither antigen). The Rh has two types \u2013 positive (with Rh marker) and negative (without). Taken together, the result is eight primary blood types: A positive and negative, B positive and negative, AB positive and negative and O positive and negative. These are the types that govern what type of blood someone can receive in a transfusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As an example, a person with type A blood (positive or negative) cannot receive B or AB blood (positive or negative) because type A blood has anti-B antibodies that will fight the B antigens in B or AB donor blood. This interaction can cause the blood to clump, which may result in fever, more serious illness or even death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the vast majority of cases the donor\u2019s blood and the recipient\u2019s don\u2019t have to be exactly the same type. But they do have to be compatible. For example, everyone can receive O negative blood (universal donor type) and people with AB positive (universal recipient) can receive all eight types. But on the flip side, people with O negative can receive only O negative and people with AB positive are the only ones who can received AB positive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now if you don\u2019t know your blood type, you\u2019re far from alone. \u201cExcluding people who\u2019ve been in the hospital recently, I\u2019d say less than 40 percent of people know their type,\u201d Fadeyi said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It doesn\u2019t hurt to know your blood type, but it\u2019s not essential. If you\u2019re ever in an accident and need a transfusion, you\u2019ll receive O negative. Otherwise, your doctor will take a sample of your blood and determine your exact type and identify minor antigens (of which there are more than 350) before giving you a transfusion. And if you\u2019re going in for scheduled surgery, you can provide your own blood in advance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s important to note that donated blood doesn\u2019t go directly from donor to recipient. Rather, before being deemed suitable for transfusion it is typed and subjected to more than a dozen tests, primarily for the presence of viral diseases (such as HIV and hepatitis) that can be transmitted in blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And donated blood is rarely transfused \u201cwhole.\u201d Instead, it is separated by centrifuge into three components \u2013 red blood cells, platelets and plasma \u2013 and divided into units of 525 milliliters (roughly a pint) that can be transfused as needed into one or more patients. The white blood cells are usually removed because they can carry traces of infection, which can cause adverse reactions in recipients. Transfused red blood cells and plasma have to be compatible with the recipient\u2019s blood; platelets don\u2019t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Red blood cells are the most commonly transfused component, primarily for trauma cases and surgery. Platelets are mostly used in cancer treatment, organ transplants and other surgeries. Plasma\u2019s primarily uses are for burn, shock and trauma patients and those with certain bleeding disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The need for donated blood is constant. One reason is that blood components don\u2019t last indefinitely. Red blood cells have a shelf life of up to 42 days and must be refrigerated. Platelets are good for five days at room temperature but it takes a couple of days to test them so their effective use span is only two days, and they must be constantly but gently agitated so they don\u2019t clump. Plasma can be frozen for up to a year but must be used within five days of defrosting or thawing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another reason is that recipient need can far exceed donations. Though 6.8 million Americans give blood each year and \u201conly\u201d 4.5 million receive transfusions, most donors supply just one pint while the average red blood cell transfusion is three units, and some trauma patients can require more than 50 units of red blood cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Who can donate blood?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not everybody, but the restrictions aren\u2019t too tight: You have to be at least 16 years old, weigh at least 110 pounds and be in generally good health. Also, there has to be at least 56 days between donations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Who should donate blood?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cPeople with O negative blood, the universal donor type, are the ones we need the most,\u201d Fadeyi said. \u201cAnd people with O and A positive, because they\u2019re the most common types.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBut we don\u2019t turn anybody away.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Source:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newswise.com\/articles\/it-s-a-natural-fact-there-s-still-no-substitute-for-human-blood\">It\u2019s a natural fact: There\u2019s still no substitute for human blood<\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"It\u2019s a natural fact: There\u2019s still no substitute for human blood\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"It\u2019s a natural fact: There\u2019s still no substitute for human blood\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>WINSTON-SALEM, N.C. \u2013 Dec. 19, 2019 \u2013 Science has been able to create and employ a number of medical marvels, such as the artificial heart and synthetic insulin. But not a substitute for human blood. \u201cThere have been many attempts to make artificial blood, and many people are still trying, but so far nothing has worked quite exactly like human blood,\u201d said Emmanuel Fadeyi, M.D., director of the blood bank at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center. So, the only source of human blood remains human donors. The need for blood is great. The American Red Cross estimates that 4.5 million people in the United States have blood transfusions annually, receiving an average of more than 40,000 pints of blood components <div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"It\u2019s a natural fact: There\u2019s still no substitute for human blood\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6063,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"amp_status":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6062","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-facts"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/rh-negative-blood.jpg?fit=500%2C334&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5DV68-1zM","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6062","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6062"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6062\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6064,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6062\/revisions\/6064"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6063"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6062"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6062"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6062"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}