{"id":6397,"date":"2020-02-17T02:11:05","date_gmt":"2020-02-17T02:11:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/?p=6397"},"modified":"2020-02-17T02:17:50","modified_gmt":"2020-02-17T02:17:50","slug":"rh-negative-tribes-the-kalash-people-of-pakistan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/rh-negative-tribes-the-kalash-people-of-pakistan\/","title":{"rendered":"Rh Negative Tribes: The Kalash People of Pakistan"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Rh Negative Tribes: The Kalash People of Pakistan\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/The-Kalash-People-of-Pakistan.jpg?resize=500%2C375&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/The-Kalash-People-of-Pakistan.jpg?w=500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/The-Kalash-People-of-Pakistan.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Is this the typical and original &#8220;RH Negative Look&#8221;?<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"618\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/who-are-the-kalash-people-genetically.jpg?fit=640%2C386&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/who-are-the-kalash-people-genetically.jpg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/who-are-the-kalash-people-genetically.jpg?resize=300%2C181&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/who-are-the-kalash-people-genetically.jpg?resize=768%2C464&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption><strong>Who are the Kalash people genetically?<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Genetic analysis of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y_chromosome\">Y-chromosome<\/a>&nbsp;DNA (Y-DNA) by Firasat et al. (2007) on Kalash individuals found high and diverse frequencies of these Y-DNA Haplogroups:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_L-M20\">L3a<\/a>&nbsp;(22.7%),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)\">H1*<\/a>&nbsp;(20.5%),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_R1a\">R1a<\/a>&nbsp;(18.2%),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_G-M201\">G<\/a>&nbsp;(18.2%),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_J-M172\">J2<\/a>&nbsp;(9.1%),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)\">R*<\/a>&nbsp;(6.8%),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_R1\">R1*<\/a>&nbsp;(2.3%), and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_L-M20\">L*<\/a>&nbsp;(2.3%).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Genetic analysis of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mitochondrial_DNA\">Mitochondrial DNA<\/a>&nbsp;(mtDNA) by Quintana-Murci et al. (2004) stated that &#8220;the western Eurasian presence in the Kalash population reaches a frequency of 100%&#8221; with the most prevalent mtDNA Haplogroups being&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U4\">U4<\/a>&nbsp;(34%),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_R0_(mtDNA)\">R0<\/a>&nbsp;(23%),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)#Haplogroup_U2\">U2e<\/a>&nbsp;(16%), and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)\">J2<\/a>&nbsp;(9%). The study asserted that no East or South Asian lineages were detected and that the Kalash population is composed of western Eurasian lineages (as the associated lineages are rare or absent in the surrounding populations). The authors concluded that a western Eurasian origin for the Kalash is likely, in view of their maternal lineages.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>A study of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASPM_(gene)\">ASPM<\/a>&nbsp;gene variants by Mekel-Bobrov et al. (2005) found that the Kalash people of Pakistan have among the highest rate of the newly evolved&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=ASPM_Haplogroup_D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">ASPM Haplogroup D<\/a>,&nbsp;at 60% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele.&nbsp;The Kalash also have been shown to exhibit the exceedingly rare 19 allele value at autosomal marker D9S1120 at a frequency higher than the majority of other world populations which do have it.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>A study by Rosenberg et al. (2006) employing&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetics\">genetic<\/a>&nbsp;testing among the Kalash population concluded that they are a distinct (and perhaps&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indigenous_peoples\">aboriginal<\/a>) population with only minor contributions from outside peoples. In one cluster analysis with (K = 7), the Kalash formed one cluster, the others being Africans, Europeans, Middle Easterners,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Asians\">South Asians<\/a>, East Asians,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melanesians\">Melanesians<\/a>, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\">Native Americans<\/a>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>A study by Li et al. (2008) with geneticists using more than 650,000&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism\">single-nucleotide polymorphisms<\/a>&nbsp;(SNP) samples from the Human Genome Diversity Panel, found deep rooted&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lineage_(anthropology)\">lineages<\/a>&nbsp;that could be distinguished in the Kalash. The results showed them clustered within the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Asia\">Central<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Asia\">South Asian<\/a>&nbsp;populations at (K = 7). The study also showed the Kalash to be a separated group, having no membership within European populations.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>When reading up on the Kalash people, I couldn&#8217;t find much regarding the Rh factor that stood out. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"544\" height=\"4037\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Kalash-People.png?fit=138%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Kalash-People.png?w=544&amp;ssl=1 544w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Kalash-People.png?resize=138%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 138w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><figcaption> Rosenberg et al. (2006) ran simulations dividing&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autosomal\">autosomal<\/a>&nbsp;gene frequencies in selected populations into a given number of clusters. For 7 or more clusters, a cluster (yellow) appears which is nearly unique to the Kalash. Smaller amounts of Kalash gene frequencies join clusters associated with Europe and Middle East (blue) and with South Asia (red).<br><br> <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>They are however important connecting many dots from the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A small study from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/11593883\/Distribution_of_ABO_and_Rh_D_Blood_Groups_in_the_Population_of_District_Dir_Lower_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_Pakistan\">Wah Cantt, Pakistan shows 26.1% Rh(D) negatives<\/a>, but larger studies are needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Wah has the highest literacy rate in all of Asia, effectively 100%.&nbsp;This small city has two chartered universities, one medical college, one engineering college and many schools and colleges. Students from Wah Cantt can be found studying at all the institutes of Pakistan and most major universities of the world. Wah Cantt also has the largest number of bicycles in any city in Pakistan. This links the city with its past as, historically, the neighbouring town of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taxila\">Taxila<\/a>&nbsp;had been a seat of learning for thousands of years.<br><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>All of this is part of the journey connecting the dots to trace back which parts of our ancestries may have been responsible for our rh negative blood and what we can learn from them in terms of improving our lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Looking at the overall genetic make-up, it could possibly be that the Kalash people of today are descendants of an ancient tribe high in rh negative frequencies, but since then having mixed with so many other populations, the rh negative frequencies declined significantly. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2143\" height=\"3261\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Spring_festival_kalash.jpg?fit=640%2C974&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Spring_festival_kalash.jpg?w=2143&amp;ssl=1 2143w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Spring_festival_kalash.jpg?resize=197%2C300&amp;ssl=1 197w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Spring_festival_kalash.jpg?resize=768%2C1169&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Spring_festival_kalash.jpg?resize=673%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 673w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Spring_festival_kalash.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Spring_festival_kalash.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption>The picture above reflects the average look. We still need to find out exactly where the recessive traits frequently resurfacing in phenotypes such as from the top image originate.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather than just being extended family, this tribe appears to be made up of several, so unless we can separate ancestries and examine individual families, not much progress in terms of connecting rh negative blood and their ancestries can be made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>See also:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.datebytype.com\/pictures\/index\/250\/Rh-Negative-Tribes\">Rh Negative Tribes<\/a><\/p>\n<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Rh Negative Tribes: The Kalash People of Pakistan\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Rh Negative Tribes: The Kalash People of Pakistan\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>Genetic analysis of&nbsp;Y-chromosome&nbsp;DNA (Y-DNA) by Firasat et al. (2007) on Kalash individuals found high and diverse frequencies of these Y-DNA Haplogroups:&nbsp;L3a&nbsp;(22.7%),&nbsp;H1*&nbsp;(20.5%),&nbsp;R1a&nbsp;(18.2%),&nbsp;G&nbsp;(18.2%),&nbsp;J2&nbsp;(9.1%),&nbsp;R*&nbsp;(6.8%),&nbsp;R1*&nbsp;(2.3%), and&nbsp;L*&nbsp;(2.3%). Genetic analysis of&nbsp;Mitochondrial DNA&nbsp;(mtDNA) by Quintana-Murci et al. (2004) stated that &#8220;the western Eurasian presence in the Kalash population reaches a frequency of 100%&#8221; with the most prevalent mtDNA Haplogroups being&nbsp;U4&nbsp;(34%),&nbsp;R0&nbsp;(23%),&nbsp;U2e&nbsp;(16%), and&nbsp;J2&nbsp;(9%). The study asserted that no East or South Asian lineages were detected and that the Kalash population is composed of western Eurasian lineages (as the associated lineages are rare or absent in the surrounding populations). The authors concluded that a western Eurasian origin for the Kalash is likely, in view of their maternal lineages. A study of&nbsp;ASPM&nbsp;gene variants by Mekel-Bobrov et al. (2005) found that the <div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Rh Negative Tribes: The Kalash People of Pakistan\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"amp_status":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-facts"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5DV68-1Fb","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6397","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6397"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6397\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6409,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6397\/revisions\/6409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6397"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6397"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6397"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}