{"id":9580,"date":"2021-03-01T02:39:30","date_gmt":"2021-03-01T02:39:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/?p=9580"},"modified":"2021-04-08T04:08:06","modified_gmt":"2021-04-08T04:08:06","slug":"proposed-mechanisms-for-association-between-abo-blood-type-and-sars%e2%80%90cov%e2%80%902-infection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/proposed-mechanisms-for-association-between-abo-blood-type-and-sars%e2%80%90cov%e2%80%902-infection\/","title":{"rendered":"Proposed mechanisms for association between ABO blood type and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Proposed mechanisms for association between ABO blood type and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/thisseemstowork.jpg?resize=640%2C358&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-9583\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/thisseemstowork.jpg?resize=1024%2C572&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/thisseemstowork.jpg?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/thisseemstowork.jpg?resize=768%2C429&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/thisseemstowork.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/thisseemstowork.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Proposed mechanisms for association between ABO blood type and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Anti\u2010A and\/or anti\u2010B antibodies serve as viral neutralizing antibodies by binding to A and\/or B antigens expressed on the viral envelope, thereby preventing infection of target cells<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 S protein is bound by human anti\u2010A antibodies, which may block the interaction between the virus and ACE2R, thereby preventing entry into the lung epithelium<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>An increase in ACE\u20101 activity in group A individuals predisposes to cardiovascular complications, accounting for severe COVID\u201019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Variation of VWF and Factor VIII levels by ABO type with higher levels in group A individuals contributing to risk of thromboembolic disease and severe COVID\u201019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ABH glycans, if present on SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 S protein, may modify the affinity of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 for ACE2R, its cellular receptor.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ABH glycans on target cells could serve as alternative, lower\u2010affinity receptors for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 S protein or bind other viral envelope structures.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Suggested experiments to confirm the proposed associations between ABO blood groups and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>In vitro<\/em>&nbsp;production of recombinant SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 S protein in cell lines that can synthesize ABH glycans to determine whether these are, indeed, on the recombinant protein.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Culturing SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in cell lines capable of synthesizing ABH glycans, isolating the virus and determining whether anti\u2010A and anti\u2010B prevent infection of cell lines that do not express the corresponding ABH antigen. These experiments would also allow testing whether IgM and IgG anti\u2010A (or anti\u2010B) antibodies were equally effective.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Producing recombinant SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 S protein in identical host cell lines (e.g. by transfecting in the relevant glycosyltransferases) and then quantifying the affinity of the purified proteins for their receptor. This can determine if ABH glycans are present on SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 S protein and if they modify the affinity of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 for ACE2R.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Produce SARS\u2010CoV\u20102&nbsp;<em>in vitro<\/em>&nbsp;in ABH\u2010expressing cell lines; and quantify the infectivity of a given target cell line with purified virus.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quantify IgA anti\u2010A and\/or anti\u2010B and correlate with risk of susceptibility to infection by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and severity COVID\u201019 illness.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Source:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"7ne3bP8Emw\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/vox-13076\/\">ABO blood group and COVID\u201019: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID\u201019 working group<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;ABO blood group and COVID\u201019: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID\u201019 working group&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/vox-13076\/embed\/#?secret=4V6qzOMfBK#?secret=7ne3bP8Emw\" data-secret=\"7ne3bP8Emw\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/vox.13076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"ABO blood group and COVID\u201019: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID\u201019 working group (opens in a new tab)\">ABO blood group and COVID\u201019: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID\u201019 working group<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>See also:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-wordpress wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-rh-negative-blood-and-people\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"eVU6gh0VL8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/clarifications-covid-19-and-rh-negative-blood-types\/\">Clarifications: COVID-19 and Rh negative blood types<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Clarifications: COVID-19 and Rh negative blood types&#8221; &#8212; The Rh Negative Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/clarifications-covid-19-and-rh-negative-blood-types\/embed\/#?secret=l6ZPHCLxUh#?secret=eVU6gh0VL8\" data-secret=\"eVU6gh0VL8\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png?w=640&#038;ssl=1\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Proposed mechanisms for association between ABO blood type and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Proposed mechanisms for association between ABO blood type and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>Proposed mechanisms for association between ABO blood type and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection Anti\u2010A and\/or anti\u2010B antibodies serve as viral neutralizing antibodies by binding to A and\/or B antigens expressed on the viral envelope, thereby preventing infection of target cells The SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 S protein is bound by human anti\u2010A antibodies, which may block the interaction between the virus and ACE2R, thereby preventing entry into the lung epithelium An increase in ACE\u20101 activity in group A individuals predisposes to cardiovascular complications, accounting for severe COVID\u201019 Variation of VWF and Factor VIII levels by ABO type with higher levels in group A individuals contributing to risk of thromboembolic disease and severe COVID\u201019 ABH glycans, if present on SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 S protein, may modify the affinity <div style=\"padding-bottom:20px; padding-top:10px;\" class=\"hupso-share-buttons\"><!-- Hupso Share Buttons - https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/ --><a class=\"hupso_toolbar\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hupso.com\/share\/\"><img src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/buttons\/share-medium.png\" style=\"border:0px; padding-top:5px; float:left;\" alt=\"Share Button\"\/><\/a><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var hupso_services_t=new Array(\"Twitter\",\"Facebook\",\"Pinterest\",\"Linkedin\");var hupso_background_t=\"#EAF4FF\";var hupso_border_t=\"#66CCFF\";var hupso_toolbar_size_t=\"medium\";var hupso_twitter_via = \"datebytype\";var hupso_image_folder_url = \"\";var hupso_twitter_via=\"datebytype\";var hupso_url_t=\"\";var hupso_title_t=\"Proposed mechanisms for association between ABO blood type and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection\";<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/static.hupso.com\/share\/js\/share_toolbar.js\"><\/script><!-- Hupso Share Buttons --><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9583,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"amp_status":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-facts"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/thisseemstowork.jpg?fit=2105%2C1176&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5DV68-2uw","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9580","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9580"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9580\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9999,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9580\/revisions\/9999"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9580"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9580"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.rhesusnegative.net\/staynegative\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9580"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}